For "ship" The Wisdom of Solomon has naus. In The Wisdom of Solomon Noah's ark is called a schedia, a "clumsy ship" the literal translation "raft" in the Revised Version British and American is impossible. In the New Testament there are four words in use: 1 naus Acts , the only place where it occurs, designating the large sea-going vessel in which Paul suffered shipwreck. In James Revelation ; Revelation ;, it is rendered "ship. The Hebrews and the Sea. The Hebrews were a pastoral and agricultural people, and had no inducements to follow a seafaring life.
They were possessed of a considerable seaboard along the Mediterranean, but the character of their coast gave little encouragement to navigation. The coast line of the land of Israel from Carmel southward had no bays and no estuaries or river-mouths to offer shelter from storm or to be havens of ships.
Solomon landed his timber and other materials for the Temple at Joppa, and tradition has handed down what is called "Solomon's Harbor" there. The builders of the second temple also got timber from Lebanon and conveyed it to Joppa. It was Simon Maccabeus, however, who built its harbor, and the harbor at Joppa was "the first and only harbor of the Jews" G.
Smith, HGHL, Caesarea in New Testament times was a place of shipping and possessed a harbor which Josephus declared to be greater than the Piraeus, but it was Herodian and more Greek and Roman than Jewish.
Now Caesarea has disappeared; and Joppa has only an open roadstead where vessels lie without shelter, and receive and discharge cargo and passengers by means of boats plying between them and the shore. It was in other directions that Israel made acquaintance with the activities of the sea.
It is from Tyre and Egypt and even Assyria and Babylonia, rather than from their own waters, that the Hebrew prophets and psalmists drew their pictures of seafaring life. Ships in the Old Testament and Apocrypha. Among the Hebrews: 1 In Early Times. In the early books of the Old Testament there are references connecting certain of the tribes, and these northern tribes, with the activities of the sea.
In the "Blessing of Jacob" and in the "Blessing of Moses" Zebulun and Issachar are so connected Genesis Deuteronomy ; and in Deborah's Song, which is acknowledged to be a very early fragment of Hebrew literature, Dan and Asher are also spoken of as connected with the life and work of the sea Judges The Oracle of Balaam Numbers looks forward to a day when a fleet from Kittim should take the sea for the destruction of Assyria.
Kittim is referred to in the three greater Prophets Isaiah , 12 Jeremiah Ezekiel The land of Kittim is Cyprus, and in the references in Isaiah it is associated with Tyre and the ships of Tarshish.
It is not till the time of the monarchy that the Hebrews begin to figure as a commercial people. Already in the time of David commercial relations had been established between Israel and Tyre 2 Samuel f. The friendly cooperation was continued by Solomon, who availed himself not only of the cedar and the fir at Hiram's command on Lebanon, but also of the skilled service of Hiram's men to bring the timber from the mountains to the sea. Hiram also undertook to make the cedar and the fir into rafts 1 Kings , dobheroth, the King James Version "floats"; 2 Chronicles , raphcodhoth, "flotes" the King James Version, "floats" the Revised Version British and American to go by sea and to deliver them to Solomon's men at the place appointed, which the Chronicler tells us was Joppa.
From this cooperation in the building of the Temple there grew up a larger connection in the pursuit of sea-borne commerce. It was at Ezion-geber near to Eloth on the Red Sea, in the land of Edom which David had conquered, that Solomon built his fleet, "a navy of ships" 1 Kings Hiram joined Solomon in these enterprises which had their center on the Red Sea, and thus the Phoenicians had water communication with the coasts of Arabia and Africa, and even of India.
The same partnership existed for the commerce of the West. Tarshish is the name of the Phoenician colony on the river Tartessus, called also Baetis, the modern Guadalquivir. It was the farthest limit of the western world as known to the Hebrews. Attempts have been made to identify it with Tarsus of Cilicia, but they are not convincing. It is conceived of in Hebrew literature as remote Isaiah Jonah ; Jonah , as rich Psalm Jeremiah , as powerful in commerce Ezekiel Ships of Tarshish were no doubt ships actually built for the Tarshish trade 2 Chronicles Jonah , but the expression became a general designation for large sea-going vessels to any quarter.
Ships of Tarshish made a deep impression upon the imagination of the Hebrew people. The Psalmist takes it as a proof of the power of Yahweh that He breaks the ships of Tarshish with an east wind Psalm Isaiah includes them among the great and lofty objects of power and glory which the terror of the Lord would certainly overtake Isaiah Ezekiel regards them as the caravans that bore the merchandise of the mistress of the sea Ezekiel It is in ships of Tarshish that the prophet of the Return sees the exiles borne in crowds to Jerusalem as their natural home Isaiah From Solomon's time onward the kings of Judah retained their hold upon Eloth 1 Kings 2 Chronicles till it was seized by the Syrians in the days of Ahaz 2 Kings As Solomon had the cooperation of Hiram in securing material and craftsmen for the building of the first Temple, so Joshua and Zerubbabel by the favor of Cyrus obtained timber from Lebanon, and masons and carpenters from Sidon and Tyre for the building of the second.
Again, cedar trees were brought from Lebanon by sea to Joppa, and thence conveyed to Jerusalem Ezra From Joppa Jonah fled to avoid compliance with God's command to go to Nineveh and preach repentance there Jonah He found a ship bound for Tarshish as far toward the West as Nineveh to the East.
The fare cakhar paid by him as a passenger, the hold of the ship in which he stowed himself away cephinah , the crew mallachim the captain or shipmaster rabh ha-chobhel , the storm, the angry sea, the terrified mariners and their cry to their gods, and the casting of Jonah overboard to appease the raging waters-all make a lifelike picture.
As with all these names, Tarshish denotes a country; in several instances, indeed, it is mentioned as a maritime country lying in the remotest region of the earth.
Thus, Jonah flees to Tarshish from the presence of Yhwh Jonah i. With Pul, Tubal, and Javan, it is mentioned as one of the remote places that have not heard of Yhwh Isa. Any large vessel capable of making a long sea-voyage was styled a "ship of Tarshish," though this did not necessarily mean that the vessel sailed either to or from Tarshish Ps.
It seems that in parallel passages referring to Solomon's and Jehoshaphat's ships I Kings l. Tarshish appears to have had a considerable trade in silver, iron, tin, and lead Jer. Genesis ; 1 Kings ; 1 Chronicles ; Psalms ; Isaiah ; Jeremiah ; Ezekiel ,25 ; Jonah ; The identity of the two places is rendered highly probable by the following circumstances: 1st.
There is a very close similarity of name between them, Tartessus being merely Tarshish in the Aramaic form. There seems to have been a special relation between Tarshish and Tyre, as there was at one time between Tartessus and Phoenicians.
The articles which Tarshish is stated by the prophet Ezekiel, Ezekiel to have supplied to Tyre are precisely such as we know, through classical writers, to have been productions of the Spanish peninsula. In regard to tin, the trade of Tarshish in this metal is peculiarly significant, and, taken in conjunction with similarity of name and other circumstances already mentioned, is reasonably conclusive as to its identity with Tartessus.
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