TH Huxley publicly defends Darwin against religious fundamentalists. It urges member nations to promote human, civil, economic and social rights, including freedom of expression and religion.
Solzhenitsyn is exiled in The fatwa is lifted in So was Stalin. The U. Texas v. Johnson invalidated statutes in Texas and 47 other states prohibiting flag burning. The Supreme Court decided a series of cases in that helped to define the limitations of free speech. The law prohibited interference in military operations or recruitment.
Socialist Party activist Charles Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act after he distributed fliers urging young men to dodge the draft. In this case, they viewed draft resistant as dangerous to national security. American labor leader and Socialist Party activist Eugene Debs also was arrested under the Espionage Act after giving a speech in encouraging others not to join the military. Debs argued that he was exercising his right to free speech and that the Espionage Act of was unconstitutional.
In Debs v. United States the U. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act. In most cases, freedom of expression may be restricted only if it will cause direct and imminent harm.
In , students at a public high school in Des Moines, Iowa , organized a silent protest against the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands to protest the fighting. The students were suspended from school. The principal argued that the armbands were a distraction and could possibly lead to danger for the students. Des Moines Independent School District. The case set the standard for free speech in schools. What does free speech mean? Tinker v. Des Moines; United States Courts. Freedom of expression in the arts and entertainment; ACLU.
But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Supreme Court in Rust v. Sullivan upholds a federal program that prevents those receiving federal funding for reproductive health services from discussing abortion as a method of family planning. Supreme Court determines in Lee v.
Weisman that an administrative policy allowing religious invocations at public middle and high school graduation ceremonies violates the establishment clause. City of St. Paul, the U. Supreme Court invalidates a St. Paul, Minn. Catalina Foothills School District, the U. Supreme Court rules in Board of Educ.
Grumet that a New York law creating a separate school district for a small religious village violates the establishment clause.
Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, the U. Supreme Court invalidates a policy denying funds to a Christian student newspaper on free-speech grounds. The Court finds that the university committed viewpoint discrimination by denying funding on the basis of the religious ideas expressed in the publication.
Supreme Court in 44 Liquormart, Inc. Rhode Island invalidates a state law forbidding advertising of liquor prices. The act is immediately challenged on First Amendment grounds. Supreme Court in Reno v. The Court concludes that the act, which makes it a crime to display indecent or patently offensive material on the Internet where a child may find it, is too vague and tramples on the free-speech rights of adults.
Supreme Court finds in City of Boerne v. Flores that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act is unconstitutional as applied to the states. Supreme Court rules in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley that a federal statute requiring the NEA to consider general standards of decency before awarding grant monies to artists does not infringe on First Amendment rights.
Forbes, the U. The Court declares the station-sponsored debate to be a non-public forum, ruling that exclusion of the candidate for reasonable and viewpoint-neutral reasons is allowed.
Dale, the U. Supreme Court in Mitchell v. Helms finds that a federal program allowing states to lend educational material and equipment to both public and private schools does not violate the establishment clause. Doe, the U. Supreme rules in Bartnicki v. Vopper that a federal law prohibiting the publication of illegally intercepted wire communications violates the First Amendment rights of those who published the communications, though they were not the ones who intercepted them.
Supreme Court rules in Republican Party of Minnesota v. White that a provision prohibiting judicial candidates from announcing their views on disputed legal or political issues violates the First Amendment. Supreme Court upholds a Cleveland school-voucher program in Zelman v. Challengers to the program asserted that it amounted to government support of parochial schools, and thus violated the establishment clause. The Court majority emphasized that the program was neutral and gave direct aid to parents, not schools.
Supreme Court rejects constitutional challenges including one based on the First Amendment to the Copyright Term Extension Act, which extended the copyright protection term by 20 years. The Court reasoned in Eldred v. Ashcroft that copyright law already has built-in First Amendment protections in the fair-use doctrine and the expression-idea dichotomy principle providing that copyright protects expressions, not ideas. Supreme rules in Virginia v. Black that a state law banning cross-burning largely passes constitutional muster.
The Court reasons that many cross-burnings are so intimidating that they constitute true threats. The Court invalidates a part of the Virginia law that presumed that all cross-burnings were done with an intent to intimidate.
American Library Association, Inc. The law requires public libraries and public schools to install filtering software on computers to receive federal funding. Federal Election Commission. The Court reasons in Ashcroft v. Supreme Court rejects a First Amendment-based challenge to a government program that called for mandatory assessments from beef producers to fund generic advertising.
The Court in Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association said the program constituted government speech and, thus, was immune from First Amendment scrutiny. Supreme Court rules in Cutter v. Wilkinson that the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act does not violate the establishment clause in the prison context. Perry and McCreary County, Ky. ACLU of Kentucky. The Court upholds the placement of a monument in a Texas park in Van Orden but rejects the placement of a Ten Commandments plaque in a Kentucky courthouse.
Justice Stephen Breyer is the key swing vote in both decisions. Frederick, the U. FEC, the U. Corporations may spend unlimited amounts to support a candidate although direct contributions to candidates by corporations are still prohibited. Phelps, the U. The Court holds that the protesters were on public property and engaged in peaceful speech on matters of public concern.
Entertainment Merchants Association , the U. Supreme Court rules that video games are a form of speech protected by the First Amendment. In United States v. Alvarez , the U. Supreme Court ruled that the Stolen Valor Act , a federal law that prohibited lying about receiving military medals, violated the First Amendment.
In Town of Greece v. Galloway , the U. Chambers In Lane v. Franks , the U. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the First Amendment protected a public employee who was terminated by his employer after he provided truthful court testimony pursuant to a subpoena.
The decision provided an exception to the broad, categorical rule limiting public employee speech in Garcetti v. Ceballos In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores , the U. In Packingham v.
North Carolina, the U. Supreme Court unanimously invalidated a North Carolina law that prohibited sex offenders from accessing social media websites. The Court said social media users, including sex offenders, access websites covered under the law for a wide range of lawful activities. In Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission , the U. Supreme Court issued a opinion using the free-exercise clause of the First Amendment as applied to the states through the 14th Amendment to uphold the right of Jack Phillips, the owner of the Masterpiece Cakeshop in Lakewood, Colo.
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